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INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION
INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION
By S. Venkatesan, ME, MISTER, researcher CSE, Anna University, Coimbatore.
and
Dr.M.Karnan, ME, Ph.D., professor and chief of Tamil Nadu, Faculty of Engineering, Coimbatore.
SUMMARY: Increased automation is the key to increase the desired production. In the context of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Given the mechanization of man and machine operators to assist with the requirements of muscular work, automation greatly reduces the human need requires sensory and mental. The processes and systems can also be automated. It plays an increasingly important role in the global economy and everyday experience. Engineers strive to combine automated systems with mathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems for a wide range of rapidly expanding applications and human activities. Many roles for humans in industrial processes that are currently outside the scope of automation. Human recognition at patterns, speech recognition and language production capacity is far beyond the capabilities of modern mechanical systems and equipment. In this presentation, we will have an overview of industrial automation concepts, such as computer integrated manufacturing, flexible manufacturing systems, industrial robots, intelligent artificial Advanced Automatic Material Handling Systems, etc …
INTRODUCTION: Automation is the process of the following sequence of operations of human labor with little or no, using specialized equipment and devices that produce and control the manufacturing process. (OR) Automation is the use of control systems (eg CNC, PLC and other industrial control systems) with other applications of information technologies (such as computer-aided technologies [CAD, CAM), machine control and industrial processes, reducing the need for human intervention. TYPES: Automating the complete partial mechanization: Mechanization can be defined in its simplest sense that the transfer of skills and crafts to operate the machine.
OBJECTIVES OF AUTOMATION: THE IMPROVEMENT QUALITY OF PRODUCTS TO REDUCE THE COST OF THE WORK TO IMPROVE SAFETY OF THE WORK TO REDUCE THE TIME TO TAKE LEAD avoid high costs not automate Advantages:
The main advantage of automation is the replacement of human operators in the tedious tasks. Replacing the man in the tasks to be performed in hazardous environments (fire, space, volcanoes, nuclear plants, submarines, etc.) do the tasks that are beyond human capabilities such as heavy loads, oversized objects, substances too hot or too cold or is required to do things too fast or too slowly. Improving Economy. Sometimes, certain types of automation means improved business economics, society, or most of humanity. For example, when a company Automation has invested in technology to recover their investment, when a state or country increases its revenues by automating like Germany or Japan in the 20th century or that humanity can use the Internet, which in turn in the use of satellites and other automobile engines. The main disadvantages disadvantages of automation are:
Limits of technology. Current technology is not capable of automating all the tasks you want. The unpredictable development costs. Research costs and development of the automation process is difficult to predict accurately in advance. Given that this cost may have a significant impact on profitability is possible to complete the automation process to discover there is no economic advantage to do so. The initial costs are relatively high. The automation of the need new products from large investments in comparison with the unit cost of the product but the cost of automation is common in many batches of products. Automation the plant requires an initial investment too, though this cost is distributed to produce products. The automation tools of different types of automation tools there is: ANN – artificial neural network DCS – Distributed Control System HMI – Human Machine Interface SCADA – Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition PAC – Automation Controller Programmable Instrumentation Motion Control Robotics Q PLC – Programmable Logic Controller PLC: Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital computer used for automation of processes, electromechanical, s such as control of machinery on the assembly line plants, walks, or accessories. PLCs are used in many industries and machinery. Unlike general purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple entry and exit extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise and vibration and shock. Programs control machine operation are typically stored in battery backup or nonvolatile memory.
A PLC is an example of a real time system since output results must be produced in response to conditions of entry time limited, the operation result otherwise unwanted. SCADA supervisory control means and data acquisition. This usually refers to an industrial control system: control system and process control equipment. The process can be industrial, infrastructure or facility based as described as industrial processes are the manufacture, production, generation, processing and refining, and can operate in continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete modes. Infrastructure Process can be public or private and include the processing and distribution of water and wastewater, pipelines, electric transmission and distribution Systems Civil Defense sirens and communication systems of large size. Facility processes occur both in public and private buildings, airports, ships and space stations. That monitoring and HVAC control, access and power consumption.
Computer Integrated Manufacturing Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is a method of manufacturing engineering in the production process is computer controlled. The process traditionally separate methods are united by a computer by the DCI. This integration allows the process of exchanging information among themselves and can take action. Through this integration, manufacturing can be faster and with fewer errors. However, the main advantage is the ability to create automated manufacturing processes. Normally the ICE on the basis of closed-circuit monitoring process, based on real-time sensor input. We also know that the flexible design and manufacturing. Information The general term "Computer Integrated Manufacturing In" is both a method of manufacture and the name of an automated computer system where engineering individual, production, marketing and support functions of a manufacturing enterprise are organized. In the functional areas of the CIM as the design, analysis, planning, purchasing, accounting, inventory management, analytical and distribution are linked by computer to the functions of the factory floor, such as handling and management, providing control to direct and supervise all operations of the process. As a method of manufacture, ICD distinguish three components manufacturing methods of others: Means of data storage, retrieval, manipulation and presentation of the state detection mechanisms and processes of change, algorithms to assemble the data processing component with the sensor / component changes. CIM is an example of the application of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in manufacturing.
CIM means that there are at least two computers to exchange information, for example, the treatment arm robot with a microcontroller and a machine CNC. Some factors involved when considering the application of the CISG are the volume of production experience of the firm or personnel to do the integration, the level of integration in the product itself and the integration process of production. The ICM is most useful in a high level of ICT use in business or establishment, systems like CAD / CAM, the availability of the planning process and its data. While there is nothing that says that this is correct. History: The idea of "making digital "was prominent in the 1980s, when integrated automation has been developed and promoted by manufacturers of machine tools and equipment Association and Systems and Automation Society of Manufacturing Engineers (CASA / SME). "CIM is the integration of the total manufacturing enterprise through the use of systems integrated data communications, together with the management culture to improve organizational effectiveness and staffing. "Subjects ERHUM computer integrated manufacturing – Key challenges Three major challenges for the development of a functioning system of Computer Integrated Manufacturing: the integration of components from Vendor different when different machines such as CNC, conveyors and robots, using different communication protocols. For AGV, periods different time itself to charge the batteries can cause problems.
Data Integrity: The higher the degree of automation, more important is the integrity of the data used to control machines. While the CIM system of labor-saving machinery, requires additional work to ensure safeguards are good for human data signals used to control machines. Process Control: Computers can be used to help operators the plant's human, but always must be a qualified engineer on site to deal with circumstances which could not be provided by the designers of control software. Subsystems on a computer-integrated manufacturing Computer Integrated Manufacturing System is not the same as "Lights Out" factory, which would be completely independent of any human intervention, even if it is a big step in that direction. Part of the system consists of flexible manufacturing, where the plant can be quickly modified to produce different products, or when the volume of products can be quickly changed with computers.
Some or all of these subsystems May in an operation of CIM: Computer-Aided techniques: CAD (Computer Aided Design), CAE (Computer Aided Engineering), CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) CAPP (Computer Aided Process Planning), CAQ (Computer-Aided Quality Assurance) PPC (production planning and control), ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) An integrated management system with a common data base. Devices and equipment: CNC, tools, computer numerical control machine DNC, direct numerical control tools machine controllers, programmable logic controllers Robotics Computer Software monitoring networks of the teams drivers Interface Technologies (System Financial Management flexible manufacturing) ASRS, storage and retrieval systems AGV, automated guided vehicles automated transport systems Robotics industrial robot is officially defined by ISO as an automatic, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator programmable in three axes. The robotics domain can be more be defined as the study design and the use of robotic systems for industry (a high level of definition based on the prior definition of robot). The Typical applications include welding robots, painting, assembly, pick and place, packaging and palletizing, product inspection and testing, all made with great stamina, speed and accuracy.
A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a manufacturing system in which there is a degree of flexibility allows the system to react to planned or unplanned changes. This flexibility is considered generally fall into two categories, which contain many sub-categories. The first category, the machine flexibility refers to the ability to modify the system to produce new types of products and the ability to change the order of operations carried in one hand. The second category is called maximum flexibility, it is possible to use more machines to perform the same operation on the one hand, and the system's ability to absorb large-scale changes, such as volume, capacity, or capacity. Most FMS consists of three main systems. The work the machines are automated CNC machines are connected to a management system to optimize the flow of parts and the central control computer that controls movement material flow and machine. The main advantages of an FMS is its flexibility in managing manufacturing resources such as time and effort to produce of a new product. The best application of an FMS is in the production of small series of products such as mass production.
A manufacturing system combines the advantages of flexible high degree of automation and control systems – Precision – Mass production with the advantages of versatility, adjustable systems – Flexibility – The uniqueness of the product A complete description of a flexible manufacturing system in this case follows: The production of cells in a manufacturing cell flexible (FMC) consists of two or more CNC machines, a laptop and a robot. The Cell team (typically a programmable logic controller) is a interface with the microprocessor of the robot and the CNCS. The driver of the cellular functions of the Comptroller of the cell include balance the workload, hours of partying, and flow control equipment. The supervision and coordination between the different operations in a manufacturing cell is also carried by the laptop. The software includes features that allow the processing of machine failures, tool breakage and other specific situations. The robotic cell In many applications, the robot also causes cells to change the tools and maintenance functions such as chip removal, holding tools in the tool changer, and tools inspection wear or its expression. If necessary, the robot can also start the emergency procedure, such as system shutdown. Parker Hannifin Corporation, Forrest City, North Carolina.
The Flexible Manufacturing System – The System Management Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) is a configuration of the station Computer controlled work where digital materials are handled automatically and load the machine. The flexible manufacturing system is mainly used for mid-volume (200 to 30,000 pieces per year) midrange (type 5-155 in part) of production. Components of Flexible Manufacturing Systems-two or more controlled computer to perform the digital workstations a series of operations, an integrated system of transport equipment and a computer that controls the flow of materials, tools and information (for example, data processing and malfunctioning machines) throughout the system, workstations auxiliary loading and unloading, cleaning, inspection, etc. flexible manufacturing system aims to reduce manufacturing costs by reducing direct labor costs and minimize waste of rework and scrap materials. Less skilled labor required. Reduced work in process inventory by eliminating the need to reduce the batch production time for manufacturers to respond more quickly to improve processes and variability of market demand, resulting in consistent quality.
Different levels of FMS: Flexible Manufacturing Module (FMM). Example: a NC machine, a pallet changer and a portion of cushioning, Flexible Manufacturing (Assembly) of the cell (F (M / A) C). Example: four RPM and an AGV (Automated Guided Vehicle), Flexible Manufacturing Group (FMG). Example: Two of the FMC, a meeting of prime ministers and two AGV that transported the pieces of a cargo area, the machines through a part the discharge area, flexible production systems (FPS). Example: A FMG and ACS, two AGV, an automated system for storage of tools and some automatic / Storage Assembly, Flexible Manufacturing Line (FML). Example: several stations on a production line and VFA. Advantages and disadvantages of implementing FMS benefits faster, less the cost changes from one place to another better use of capital reduction of direct labor costs, due to a reduction in the number of workers due to low inventory planning and programming coherent and better accuracy, thanks to the control of the reduction in unit production costs due to increased productivity using the same number of workers saving indirect labor, reducing errors, rework, repairs and rejects Disadvantages limited capacity to adapt to changes in the product or product line capacity (for example, have limited machines and tools needed for products no, if a family is not always feasible in a given FMS) pre-engagement planning substantial expensive, costing millions of dollars of technological problems panel accurate positioning and precise timing and necessary to treat a sophisticated FMS component manufacturing complexity and cost are the reasons for its slow acceptance by industry.
In most cases, the CSP will be promoted. An automatic guided vehicle or automatic guided vehicles (AGV) is a mobile robot following markers, or child on the floor, or the use of vision or laser. Most often used in industrial applications to move materials around a factory or warehouse. Vehicle Application Automatic Guided expanded during the late 20th century and no longer limited to industrial environments. Automatic guided vehicles (AGV) to increase efficiency and reduce costs, helping to automate a manufacturing facility or warehouse. AGV can carry loads or towing objects behind them in trailers that can join for autonomously. The trailers can be used to move raw materials or finished products. The AGV can also store items in a bed. Objects can be placed in a set of motorized rollers (conveyors) and then pushed them to invest. Some AGV use fork lifts to lift objects for storage. AGV is used in almost all industries, including pulp, paper, metals, newspapers, and manufacturing in general. The transport of materials such as food, clothing or medicine in Hospitals also took place. Common application AGV Automated Guided Vehicles may be used in a wide variety of applications for transport various types of material, including pallets, rollers, racks, carts and containers. AGV Excel applications with characteristics after repeated movements materials for a distance of shipping regular stable income flow / volume If delivery time is important and delivery delays have caused the inefficiency operations with the process of at least two quarters of work in major hardware monitoring is artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that seeks to create.
Manuals set the field as the study and design of intelligent agents "where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize the chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as "the science and engineering making intelligent machines ". The field is based on the assertion that a central feature of human intelligence, wisdom of Homo sapiens can be so precisely described that can be simulated by a machine. This raises philosophical questions about the nature of mind and the limits of scientific pride issues have been addressed in myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity. Artificial intelligence has been optimistic, but has also suffered setbacks, and today has become an essential part of the technology industry, providing the hard work of many of the most difficult problems in computer science. Research AI is highly skilled, deeply divided into sub-fields that often do not communicate with each other. Sub-sectors have developed around particular institutions, the work of individual researchers, the solution of specific problems, ultimately the differences of opinion on how the avian flu should be done and the application the differences between the tools. The central problem of AI are features such as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence (or "strong AI") remains a long-term (some research). Obotic Automation: Process Material Handling Material handling is the wider category of applications that involve moving the selection and product packaging. Material handling robots are used to move, feed or withdraw from parts or tools to or from one location or to transfer from one machine to another. Process material handling pick and place packaging dispensing Party Palletizing Load Transfer Assembly choose a variation Materials Order a robotic handling equipment used to build and unloading of the units on a pallet. Manufacturing companies worldwide are implementing due the material handling robots, which are faster, more accurate and more efficient.
They offer unmatched quality and repeatability. Of palletizing and handling: Law palletizing, loading or unloading of material on pallets. The newspaper industry has been particularly affected by increased labor costs. Party of the solution to this problem is the use of robots as Cincinnati Milacron robot palletizing used for newspaper announcements. Many companies in the U.S. and Canada have been forced to close in areas such as casting and injection molding, because they could not compete with foreign companies. The introduction of robotics in this process has enabled these companies to remain viable. In the institutions of the manufacturing industry semiconductor integrated circuit chips, different processes take place in a clean room. This requires that staff and the robots do not introduce dirt, dust or oil in the region. Because robots do not breathe, sneeze or movies, they are particularly suitable for clean room environment required by the semi-conductors. At first glance, the automation may appear to devalue the work through their replacement by less expensive machines, but the overall effect of this in the labor market as a whole remains unclear.
Conclusion
Today, the automation of the workforce is quite advanced, and continues to move faster around the world and influences the number increasingly skilled jobs, however, during the same period, the overall welfare and quality of life for most people in the world (where political factors have not tarnished the image) have improved dramatically. Currently, for manufacturing companies, the purpose of automation has changed increase productivity and reduce costs, to broader issues such as improving the quality and flexibility in the manufacturing process. The emphasis on the use of automation age simply to increase productivity and reduce costs are considered short-sighted because it is also necessary to provide a skilled workforce they can make repairs and manage the machines. Moreover, the initial costs of automation were high and often can not be recovered by the time of manufacture completely new process replaced the former. (Japan robot junkyards "were known throughout the world in manufacturing.) Automation is now often applied primarily to increase quality in the process of manufacturing where automation can increase quality substantially.
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Open Office http://download.openoffice.org/index.html
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World of Warcraft is one of the best games of roles played by millions of users worldwide. The game is played on a network, as well as individually. The game is designed by the famous Blizzard Entertainment and lead designer of the game were Jeff Kaplan, Tom Chilton and Rob Pardo. The game is the last of the series of World of Warcraft. He has released two versions, one for North America and Europe. The name of the version 3.3.0. Platforms that support the game for Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows. Almost all versions of Windows can run the game. The game was released November 23, 2004 in North America and February 11, 2005 in Europe. The games fall into the genre of fantasy and Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game. The game is available for the age group 12 +.
World of Warcraft is available in 4 CD or DVD. The minimum stake are:
1) Windows XP Windows Vista, Windows 7 (32 – and 64-bit compatible)
2) Intel Pentium 4 or AMD Athlon XP 1500 + 1300 MHz
3) 512 MB or more RAM (1GB for Windows Vista)
4) 32 MB 3D video card with Hardware T & L or better
5) 15 GB of space Free HD
6) × 4 CD-ROM
7) for connection to broadband Internet
The game "World of Warcraft use a mouse and keyboard to play the game. Several sets of expansion of the game have been launched since his arrival. The set was the first expansion "The Burning Crusade "and 16ith was launched January 2007. Similarly, the second expansion pack called" Wrath of the Lich King "and was launched November 13, 2008. These sets of extension adds to the beauty and importance of the games. It is said that approximately 11.5 million subscriptions were received each month of 2008. Therefore, making the "World of Warcraft, one of the best Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game.
Graphics:
Because the huge and highly detailed 3D graphics world, you will feel in a real world of Warcraft where you have to deal with a number of villains and calamities in his virtual life. The game contains a third-person view where you have your avatar. You are simply forced to pay a small fee to subscribe. After that, he connects millions users around the world play World of Warcraft. Scary Monster, landscape grass very detailed and gives a real thrill. According to one estimate, about 62% of Massively Game Multiplayer Online Role-pay "category is made by the party.
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In April 2000, Compaq created a wave in the world for Personal Digital Assistant "when launched iPAQ. The name comes from Compaq iPAQ previous successful initiative 'desktop'.
HP iPAQ using the MS Windows interface. However, some models run on the IPAQ Linux distributions. Interesting news for cell phone lovers is that Smartphone iPAQ PPC seems that mobile phones and has VoIP capability too. Go for the HP iPAQ 300 series PDAs if you're a hardcore Voice Messenger Systems.
Business Navigators
The models on HP iPAQ series 300 are classified as browsers business. The "Mobility Agent" HP's help your company's offer necessary updates to the aircraft instead of the central site. Some models of iPAQ 300 series (eg, 610c, 614c, 612c) also include high resolution cameras (3 megapixels). The camera of this device is auto-focus is activated.
Among other features, you can enjoy broadband connectivity (wireless of course) for voice and data services. This device is easy to use and that runs on Windows Mobile 6 – Operating Pro "system. 128 MB of SDRAM and 256MB of Flash ROM make this device very quickly.
Let's look at the elements of this navigation device. There is a special "touch-wheel interface on the keyboard of the PDA. You can find another three-way "control" for navigational purposes. The quality of the touch screen of this device is high. Finally, there is a 12 numeric key on the device for you. A-GPS (GPS assistant) solves the purpose of navigation in this device.
Show Features
When you reach the screen, this device 2.8 inch touch screen with 240×320 resolution. There is the option of wireless LAN is also in this device. Through Bluetooth 2.0 (with EDR1) you can connect your device to other compatible devices and computers.
You can increase the internal memory of this device at any time by installing a micro-SD Card (SDHC) in the appropriate space within the aircraft. Compaq offers a mini-USB connector with this device for charging and synchronization. The battery of 1590 mAh lithium-ion battery offers much talk time and standby time for this device.
About the Author:
Rakesh D is a commentator on PDA devices. His comments on HP iPAQ 114, HP iPAQ 214 and HP iPAQ 314 have already been published. This is his latest article on the HP PDAs, in this series.
Article Source: ArticlesBase.com – Hp Ipaq 314 – Connect to Your Office on the Go